Efforts made by the Government to increase employment in urban areas :
1. Investment in industry and infrastructure - Government investment in industrial estates, roads, transport, power and housing directly creates a large number of jobs in construction, manufacturing and services.
2. Promotion of small scale and cottage industries - Financial help, cheap credit and reservation of certain items for small scale industries generate employment because these units are labour-intensive.
3. Skill development and vocational training - Programmes such as Skill India, Industrial Training Institutes and vocational education improve the employability of urban youth.
4. Self-employment and credit schemes - Schemes providing collateral-free and low-interest loans (for example Mudra loans) and support to start-ups encourage self-employment.
5. Development of the tertiary sector - Encouragement to tourism, information technology, transport, banking, health and education services creates new avenues of employment; IT alone has generated lakhs of jobs.
6. Urban employment and housing programmes - Schemes for urban livelihood, street vendors and affordable housing, and the promotion of processing and storage industries, add further jobs.
Conclusion : These efforts are needed because urban India also suffers from underemployment and disguised unemployment in casual and service work.