๐ Chapter 4 โ Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries
Class 7 Part 2 ยท Tapestry of the Past ยท Short Notes
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"It is the same India which has withstood the shocks of centuries, of hundreds of foreign invasions... It is the same land which stands firmer than any rock in the world." โ Swami Vivekananda
โ๏ธ 11thโ12th Centuries โ Period of Transition
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๐A period of both great achievements AND difficult invasions from the northwest
โ๏ธInvasions by Turkic powers (from Central Asia) penetrated deeper into north India than Arabs ever had
๐Yet: magnificent temples built, naval expeditions launched, great poets & scientists flourished!
985โ1014: Rajaraja Chola I
Built the great Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur โ Chola golden age1000โ08: Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns
Attacked Hindu Shahi kingdom (NW India) โ first of 17 raids into India. Plundered wealth but didn't stay to rule1025: Mahmud destroys Somnath Temple
Massive plunder โ Somnath gold & gems taken to Ghazni; temple rebuilt multiple times by Indians1014โ44: Rajendra Chola I
Led naval expedition to Southeast Asia (Malaya, Indonesia) โ greatest Indian naval achievement!~12th c: Angkor Wat built (Cambodia)
Built by Suryavarman II โ inspired by Indian Hindu temple architecture โ proof of Indian cultural influence!1192: 2nd Battle of Tarain
Muhammad Ghuri defeats Prithviraj III โ marks beginning of Delhi Sultanate era๐ฟ โฆ ๐ฟ
โ๏ธ Ghaznavid & Ghurid Invasions
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๐๏ธ The Khyber Pass โ historic gateway for traders and invaders
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โ๏ธ Indian kingdoms resisted invasions with great determination
๐ก๏ธ Mahmud of Ghazni
โMade 17 raids into India (1000โ1027 CE)
โPlundered wealth, destroyed temples โ but did NOT establish lasting rule
โFamous raid: Somnath temple (1025) โ massive plunder
โ๏ธ Muhammad Ghuri
โMore dangerous than Ghazni โ aimed to conquer and rule
โ1st Battle of Tarain (1191): Defeated by Prithviraj III!
โ2nd Battle of Tarain (1192): Ghuri wins โ beginning of Delhi Sultanate
๐๏ธKhyber Pass = main mountain pass through Hindu Kush โ used by traders AND invaders for 2,500 years
๐Hindu Shahis = dynasty controlling NW India and Khyber Pass โ resisted Arab & Turkic invasions for centuries
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๐ Somnath Temple, Gujarat โ plundered by Mahmud (1025) but rebuilt by Indians with great determination!
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๐ Great Achievements of This Period
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๐ Khajuraho temples โ UNESCO site, India's sculptural masterpieces
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๐ Angkor Wat, Cambodia โ built in Indian style in the 12th century!
๐ Khajuraho Temples
โBuilt by Chandela dynasty (10thโ11th c.) โ UNESCO World Heritage Site
โExtraordinary sculptural art โ shows daily life, music, dance, devotion
๐ข Bhฤskarฤchฤrya (1150 CE)
โWrote Leelavati โ advanced mathematics text on algebra & astronomy
โExplained gravity-like concepts 400 years before Newton!
โ Chola Naval Power
โRajendra Chola's 1025 naval expedition to SE Asia โ unprecedented!
โAngkor Wat (Cambodia) built in Indian style โ shows India's cultural reach
๐ก Angkor Wat โ India's Gift to the World!
Built in the 12th century in Cambodia, Angkor Wat is the world's largest religious monument. It was built by King Suryavarman II in the style of a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu โ a living proof of India's massive cultural influence on Southeast Asia! ๐โจ
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โญ Quick Summary
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๐ Key Points
โ๏ธ11thโ12th c. = turning tides โ Turkic invasions penetrated deeper than Arabs ever had
๐ก๏ธMahmud of Ghazni: 17 raids, plundered wealth (Somnath 1025) but didn't rule
โ๏ธMuhammad Ghuri: 2nd Battle of Tarain (1192) โ defeated Prithviraj โ Delhi Sultanate begins
๐Same period: Khajuraho temples, Bhaskara's mathematics, Chola navy, Angkor Wat (Cambodia)!